Evolution of Server-side Technologies

Evolution of Server-side Technologies Chris Avgerinos Introduction A fundamental change has been occurring for the last fifteen years in the way people write computer programs. Scripting languages such as Perl and Tcl replaced the system programming languages such as C and C++. There are tremendous differences between the languages due to the fact that scripting languages were designed for completely different tasks than system programming languages. The main operations of system programming languages are for building data structures and algorithms from the beginning using elements such as words of memory. Scripting languages assume the sets of powerful components and connect them together. Management of complexity is the main use of system programming languages. On the other hand, scripting languages simplify connections between components and provide rapid application development. (J.Ousterhout, 1998) The main focus of this paper is the evolution of scripting languages and the improvements on web-applications. The history of Scripting Language Scripting is as old as computers due to the fact that in order to use a computer you would need scripting. It begun in the 1950s and ‘60s were programmers subjected punch cards into mainframe operators and the machines used to ran in batch mode. The first scripting language was Job Control Language (JCL) and while they were very functional, their response time was very slow. (Delony, 2012) The idea of scriptable shells came into practice in the 1960s when programmers started developing interactive time-sharing systems. One of the earliest projects was MULTICS and late when some of the Bell Labs programmers left the project, they created another project called UNIX using their own system that they used in the MULTICS project. UNIX shells made it possible to do various complex tasks in one line of shell code using the ability to send the output of one program into the input of another. (Delony, 2012) In 1987, Larry Wall created Perl which was popular in the 90s for creating web-applications. Languages such as Python and ruby were invented and Python was the main rival of Perl. (Delony, 2012) Application areas In this section of the paper, we are going to categorize these languages in order to analyze them correctly. The four main categories are Command, Application, Markup and Universal scripting languages. Command scripting languages These are the oldest class of scripting languages appearing in 1960 when there was a great need for programs and task control managers. As we said before, the most famous of the earliest languages was JCL which was created for IBM OS/360 operating systems. We have also Sed and Awk which were text-processing languages. These languages were the first to include regular expression matching and later implemented into Perl. (A.Kanavin, 2002) Application scripting languages These languages were created in 1980s. Such a language was Microsoft-created Visual Basic and later crated its subset Visual basic for application programming. It emphasizes on user interface programming and component embedding. Later on, earlier languages such as Word Basic and Excel Macro Language were replaced by VBA as the main language for programming Microsoft office suite. Its influence spread and soon VBScript and LotusScript adapted these changes. Table 1: Command Scripting Languages In this class we have also JavaScript which is client parts of web-programming projects. This language has a few dialects such as Jscript and it was first introduced in the Netscape Navigator 2.0 browser. (A.Kanavin, 2002) Table 2: Command Scripting Languages Markup Languages Markup languages differ from the other languages due to the fact that they are not programming languages rather than special command words called ‘tags’ that markup parts of text documents which later used by programs called ’processors’ and had the ability to transform a text so it could be displayed in the browser or converting it to some other data format. The main use of Markup languages is the separation of contents and structures. In addition, they include formatting commands and interactive objects into documents. (A.Kanavin, 2002) In 1969, GML (Generic markup Language) was the first Markup language that was created by IBM. Based on the idea of GML, ISO created a standard called SGML in 1986. Among the Markup languages, TeX, HTML and XHTML became the most known languages. In 1979, Donald Knuth, created Tex which was basically designed precise description of how the documents look overlooking the complexity of the structure. This language aim at people who do not necessarily need to know how to program in contrast with Postscript, which was created by Adobe. In the scientific community, TeX achieved enormous popularity because it can fulfil the need for high-quality rendering of complex formulas. HTML is the basic language of the World Wide Web. It is basically an SGML application. XML is a simpler and streamlined version of SGML which emphasizes on transporting, storing data and exchange data between all kinds of systems. It is used for transforming complex data and hierarchical storing data. HTML was redefined in the terms of XML in 2001 and it was called XHTML. (A.Kanavin, 2002) Table 3: Markup Languages Universal scripting languages In this class, we have the languages that are well-known and were originally created for the UNIX environment. However, the goals were very different. The Perl programming language was made for report generation but it became known for its enormous popularity is the ability to write simple and efficient CGI scripts for forming dynamic web pages. First, Python was a tool for accessing system services of the experimental operating system Amoeba but later on, it became an object-oriented scripting language. Applications languages exist that are used by Microsoft.NET platform. Tcl was mainly used as an application extension but it was first created as string processing and close integration with Tk library. It differs from Perl and Python because it relies on C and C++ extensions. Other languages appeared with web services. PHP is the most popular language and is a combination of HTML and traditional programming procedures. (A.Kanavin, 2002) Table 4: Universal Scripting Languages Languages overview Python Python is an object-oriented language which provides high-level data structures. For example, associative arrays, dynamic typing and binding, etc. Python is a powerful programming language that has a flexible and simple syntax. In 1990, Guido van Rossum created Python and since then it is free and can be run on any computer. Python is modular by nature meaning that the core of Python can be extended by importing new extensions. Various standard extensions for operations such as script manipulations and Perl-like extensions are included in the Python distribution. Moreover, it has Graphical User Interface (GUI) generators, web-related utilities, operating system services, etc. Furthermore, we can create new extensions with new or old code. There has been a remarkable amount of extensions that have been created such as GADFLY, which is an SQL database manager written in Python, PIL the Python imaging library, FNORB, OmniBorker, Numeric Python, etc.(Sanner, 1999) Figure 1: â€Å"The molecule viewer application showing the protein Carmbin (1crn) with its secondary structure shown as a ribbon. The molecular surfaces corresponding to helix1 and sheet2 are displayed and colored using, respectively the â€Å"RASMOL residue† coloring scheme and the â€Å"by atom type† coloring scheme. Some pull down menus have been torn off to show the commands they provide. This set of commands can be extended dynamically by loading modules and commands from libraries.†(Sanner, 1999) Perl Perl was created in 1986 by Larry Wall and is basically a combination of C and various UNIX utilities and the convenience of shell scripting. Some of the languages strength is: easily accessing regular expressions, lists, associative arrays, the ability to treat any value as a string, resource management has become automatic. And if you want to create something, you can do it with many ways. This is called TIMTOWTDI (There Is More Than One Way To Do It). In order to handle complexity, you can use object-orientation. However, some languages force the use of it and usually add unnecessary complexity to almost every project. To tackle this problem, Perl added support for objects; it did so in a way that complex modeling can be achieved if needed.(Chip, n.d.) #!/usr/local/bin/perl $count = 0; while () { @w = split; $count++; for ($i=0; $i $s[$i] += $w[$i]; } } for ($i=0; $i print $s[$i]/$count, t; } print n; â€Å"This is a simple script that computes the average of each column in a table of data. It shows one common usage: read in the data and split each line directly to words and store these words in an array.† LISP The LISP language is designed for symbolic data processing using differential and integral calculus, electrical circuit theory, mathematical logic, game playing and other various fields of artificial intelligence. Since LISP is mathematical language, it is possible to give a complete description of it. It is different from other languages in three ways. First of all, it differs in the nature of the data. S-expressions are data arc in the form of symbolic expressions. Significant sub-expressions can be readily isolated due to the fact that S-expressions have indefinite length and a branching tree type of structure. The source of the language itself is the second difference from the other languages because it specifies in what way the S-expressions are to be processed. The third and final difference of LISP is that it can interpret and execute programs written in the form of S-expressions.(McCarthy, 1965) (defparameter *small* 1) (defparameter *big* 100) (defun guess-my-number () (ash (+ *small* *big*) -1)) (defun smaller () (setf *big* (1- (guess-my-number))) (guess-my-number)) (defun bigger () (setf *small* (1+ (guess-my-number))) (guess-my-number)) (defun start-over () (defparameter *small* 1) (defparameter *big* 100) (guess-my-number)) â€Å"This is a super simple number guessing game. Its also designed to illustrate what its like to work within a REPL.† Improving Web Application performance The need for Client-Side Scripting Nowadays, people expect that web applications function just like a windows application due to the fact that web applications have become more powerful and sophisticated. Basically, web applications reside the source code and assemblies and are processed on a web server. What a web server does is that it accepts an incoming HTTP request and then it returns the requested resource in an HTTP response. (Fote, 2013) The process of submitting an ASP.NET page to the server for processing is called PostBack. The HTML page is sent to the web server every time a PostBack happens. What happens is this: the server loads the page, it processes events and renders the new HTML back to the client but on a PostBack the entire page is refreshed. Due to the fact that large web applications consume large amount of view state, it can be very consuming for the client and as a result it will become a major problem for the web server. (Fote, 2013) Inside a client’s HTML page, there are embedded scripts which are called Client-Side scripting. What it does is that the code will be processed on the client machine rather than perform a PostBack to the web-server. Moreover, it is basically used for navigating on pages, date validation and formatting and the language that is used is JavaScript which is compatible to any browser. Client-Side scripting has two benefits. The first is that it is very fast and the second is that it requires fewer resources an the web-server. (Fote, 2013) Ajax Part of Ajax is an object called XMLHttpRequest. What Ajax does is that it makes possible the transfer of data between the browser and the server, using XMLHttpRequest API, without having to reload the web page. This object quickly become popular and web applications such as Google maps and Gmail were created using XMLHttpRequest to get new map titles without reloading the page. The requests that Ajax uses, are triggered by JavaScript code. This is what happens: your code sends a request to a URL, and then it receives a response, that triggers a callback function to handle the response. The rest of the code continues to execute while the request is being process due to the fact that the request is asynchronous.(â€Å"Ajax | jQuery Learning Center,† n.d.) Conclusion To conclude, server-side technologies have been greatly evolved over the years. Languages such as Python, HTML and Perl have raised the standards of scripting languages. Web applications have been improved with the help of Client-Side technologies such as Ajax which played a significant role in the improvement of web applications. I believe that in the future we will see new languages that will surpass the current languages by far. References A.Kanavin, An overview of scripting languages (2002) Lappeenranta University of Technology [online] Available at: http://www.sensi.org/~ak/impit/studies/report.pdf Date of Access: 25/3/2014 Ajax | jQuery Learning Center, n.d. Chip, n.d. The ascent of scripting languages. Geeks Are Sexy Technol. News. Delony, D., 2012. Scripting Languages 101 [WWW Document]. Techopedia.com. URL http://www.techopedia.com/2/28762/development/programming-languages/scripting-languages-101 (accessed 3.12.14). Fote, B., 2013. How Does Client-Side Scripting Improve Web Application Performance? [WWW Document]. Segue Technol. URL http://www.seguetech.com/blog/2013/02/07/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-client-side-scripting (accessed 3.13.14). J.Ousterhout, Scripting: Higher Level Programming for the 21st Century (1998) Tcl Developer Xchange [online] Available at: http://www.tcl.tk/doc/scripting.html Date of Access: 25/3/2014 McCarthy, J., 1965. LISP 1.5 Programmer’s Manual. MIT Press. Sanner, M.F., 1999. Python: a programming language for software integration and development. J Mol Graph Model 17, 57–61.

A Career as a Dental Hygienist Essay -- Career Field Report

I can remember coming to school and hearing all my classmates talk about how much they hated going to the dentist. Going to the dentist was one thing that I have always loved to do. The sound of the tools and just the smell of the clinic was never a bad atmosphere to me, I actually enjoy the dentist. Laura was my first dental hygienist from as far back as I can remember, and she had the whitest teeth I have ever seen! I have honestly came to the conclusion that I am obsessed with teeth. With this being said, I have always felt and known that I wanted to be a dental hygienist. I am currently in my first year here at Community College getting my preq for dental hygiene. I always get the question, â€Å"Why would you want to look in somebody’s mouth all day?† After I hear this question and then I start thinking to myself. I want to be a dental hygienist because first of all someone has got to do it and secondly, I think smiles light up rooms and if I can help get more smil es in this world then that is what I am going to do. With seeking my career in dental hygiene I have great hopes of being able to help people understand and find compassion in caring for their teeth and inspiring them as Laura inspired me. When most people think of dental hygienists, the first and only thing they think about it cleaning and whitening teeth. However, that is mainly what dental hygienists do, but they also learn to do a lot more than that. According the occupational outlook handbook, hygienists clean teeth, examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis, and provide other preventative dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and maintain good oral health. As explained on American Dental Association, the dental hygienist... ...ealth. This was reassuring because now I know that if I do not absolutely love being a dental hygienist, there are many other roads I can go down. For the future, I plan on finishing up my prerequisites and hopefully getting in the dental program. After finishing the dental program I plan to get a job as a dental hygienist. If I love it I will keep pursuing this; however, if I do not, I will then branch off and either be a representative or even teach some sort of science. This research helped me and got me so inspired to go down the career path that I have chosen. â€Æ' Works Cited "Dental Hygienist." - American Dental Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. "Dental Hygienist Job Description." Healthcare Salary World. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.

How Can Cnn Implement Their Strategies in a Fast Changing Environment?

Problem statement: How can CNN implement their strategies in a fast changing environment? Learning goals: 1. What are the steps of strategic implementation and what is the importance Implementation is  the process that turns strategies and plans into actions in order to accomplish strategic objectives and goals. Implementing your strategic plan is as important as your strategy itself. * Formulation and effective communication of vision and values * Formulation and effective communication of mission Generation of enthusiasm and buy-in at all levels * Commitment to projects and business results that will fulfill on the mission * Design of organizational architecture that allows for empowerment and communication * Creation of tactics and short-term goals at the local level * Effective Action in a context of accountability (Gurowitz) (G. R. Jones; C. W. L. hill , 2010) 2. What is organizational design (culture, structure and control) and apply on CNN. What is the role of organizational design in strategic implementation? Strategy implementation involves the use of organizational design, the process of deciding how a company should create, use, and combine organizational structure, control systems and culture to pursue a business model successfully. Organizational structure Assigning employees to specific value creation tasks and roles and specifies how these tasks and roles are be linked together in a way that increases efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers. The purpose of organizational structure is to coordinate and integrate the efforts of all employees at all business level in the organization design. First CNN has to motivate employees to create value to the customers. And they have to work with efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness. When the structure is good. They can create value at the customers. Control system The purpose of a control system is to provide managers with a set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers and specific feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers consciously take action to strengthen a company's business model. The purpose of a control system is to provide managers: * A set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation, and responsiveness to customers. Specific feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers can continuously take action to strengthen a company’s business model. The purpose of a control system CNN has to provide managers with a set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers and specifi c feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers consciously take action to strengthen a company's business model. Organizational culture The third element of organizational design is organizational culture. These are the specific collection of values, norms, beliefs and attitudes that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholder outside the organization. Organizational structure, control and culture are the means by which an organization motivates and coordinates its members to work toward achieving the building blocks of competitive advantages. A manager must find the right combination of structure, control and culture that combines the competencies in a company’s value chain functions so it has the ability to differentiate and/ or lower the costs. In organizational design managers must consider two important issues: concern the revenue side of the profit equation and concern the cost side. Effective organizational design improves the way in which people or groups chose the business level strategies that lead to differentiation, more value for customers and asking premium price. Second: an effective organizational design reduces the bureaucratic costs associated with solving the measurement and communication problems that derive from a lack of cooperation from business units or divisions. A poorly designed organizational design can cause the motivation, communication, measurement and coordinating problems that lead to high bureaucratic costs. (G. R. Jones; C. W. L. hill , 2010) 3. What are the trends/developments in news broadcasting and delivering? When looking at the current news broadcasts the first thing that I notice is the amount of commentators and experts there are in the shows. These commentators give their opinions about certain news topics and try to convince the audience or gets into a discussion with another commentator in the show. Fewer original news that comes straight from the source by journalists and reporters. Because of cloud computing and other technological advancements. News broadcasts will copy news from a source without retyping or the broadcast uses video or pictures from outside sources. News uses Google maps and Youtube a lot as well. The problem can be in the fact checking of these easy sources, there should still be journalists that investigate stories for themselves. A last popular news feed is the twitter. The short message blog is extremely useful because it is very fast and it’s like having millions reporters worldwide; always having someone that is close to local news. The problem is that again it is very hard to check the facts of these tweets. For example individuals twitter under a fake alias, this could be confusing when you think it is Lance Armstrong tweeting, when it’s not him. . What are participatory peer media? Participatory media are things like blogs, social media, etc These services make it possible to create a discussion about certain topics. The range of this discussion is endless, everyone who can use a computer is enabled to join the conversation. This makes it easier to share opinions, information and different point of views. 5. What is the target group of CNN? 6. Find a new s fact about CNN. 7. Answer problem statement. Next CBL session: Wednesday 1 June 13. 30-15. 00 in 2. 46

That school uniforms are necessary essays

That school uniforms are necessary essays The Macquarie dictionary defines the concept of uniform as; dress of the same style, materials and colour worn by a group. One particular type of group that uniforms are necessary for are students. Uniforms are a good idea for schools because they make life easier for school children. Uniforms are essential for school students because they allow students to all look the same and not have to keep up with the fashion while at school. If uniforms were non-existant, students may be victimised by others because of the clothes they choose to wear. Focus may be placed on the clothes people wear instead of on schoolwork, which is what school is all about. This is damaging to students' studies because school's purpose is to educate, not to be a fashion parade. The students get used to wearing the school uniform and just don't really think about it and just get stuck into their schoolwork. Having a uniform makes everything easier because nobody can really complain as they all have to wear it. Everyone wearing the same uniform allows students to be easily identified. If everyone was wearing different clothes, nobody would know where a student was from. For example, when on an excursion, if someone gets lost, they can be easily recognised and can find their group by their distinctive uniform. This helps the teachers and the school to control and look after the students. Also, all students wearing a neat and well-presented uniform reflects well on the school and presents a good image. Wearing a school uniform can save money and time. Each morning, students do not need to decide what to wear, they simply get dressed in their uniform. This makes getting ready for school hassle-free for students. Time wasted on deciding what to wear could be better spent on doing schoolwork. Parents may be annoyed that uniforms are expensive, especially in private schools where prices can be quite high. They may think ...

Free Essays on Language Skill And Job Market

Have you ever thought of those huge benefits that the knowledge of many different languages earns you in today’s globalized market sector? Not yet! Then you better start learning new languages and possess good communicative skills in all those that you learn because, with the world turning towards more globalization kind of perspectives, you will definitely need those skills to earn you a decent job in the present and the future. This is the topic that my paper will present to you. The point that I am trying to make is that in today’s globalized world, corporations and big service sectors are trying to look for employees with multi-lingual knowledge and good communicative skills because, the whole economy of these developed nations has over the century changed from and industrialized to a service kind. The primary source for my paper is certainly the lecture by Ms. Monica Heller on the topics of globalization and its effect of the language skills that people need to possess to earn a living. This lecture event by Ms. Heller was called ‘Language & Globalization’ and was about an hour long. The event that this paper talks about was one, which to a large extent discusses the evil strategies that globalization inculcates into the employers in the service sector. Ms. Heller also spoke about the ways in which everything today is being seen as a commodity in this all-spreading globalization market economy. The lecture she gave had specific examples pertaining to the service sector in present Canadian economy. Her lecture began with the definitions of two most popular terms in the service sector that Canada has; the first term was ‘Francophones’ and the other was ‘Anglophones’. Now surely they might be new to us but they have an internal meaning to these people, who are either from French speaking community or from English speaking one. It’s interesting how these employees are named according to the language that they spea... Free Essays on Language Skill And Job Market Free Essays on Language Skill And Job Market Have you ever thought of those huge benefits that the knowledge of many different languages earns you in today’s globalized market sector? Not yet! Then you better start learning new languages and possess good communicative skills in all those that you learn because, with the world turning towards more globalization kind of perspectives, you will definitely need those skills to earn you a decent job in the present and the future. This is the topic that my paper will present to you. The point that I am trying to make is that in today’s globalized world, corporations and big service sectors are trying to look for employees with multi-lingual knowledge and good communicative skills because, the whole economy of these developed nations has over the century changed from and industrialized to a service kind. The primary source for my paper is certainly the lecture by Ms. Monica Heller on the topics of globalization and its effect of the language skills that people need to possess to earn a living. This lecture event by Ms. Heller was called ‘Language & Globalization’ and was about an hour long. The event that this paper talks about was one, which to a large extent discusses the evil strategies that globalization inculcates into the employers in the service sector. Ms. Heller also spoke about the ways in which everything today is being seen as a commodity in this all-spreading globalization market economy. The lecture she gave had specific examples pertaining to the service sector in present Canadian economy. Her lecture began with the definitions of two most popular terms in the service sector that Canada has; the first term was ‘Francophones’ and the other was ‘Anglophones’. Now surely they might be new to us but they have an internal meaning to these people, who are either from French speaking community or from English speaking one. It’s interesting how these employees are named according to the language that they spea...

How Decisions on Customer Service will Impact on Influencing the Level Essay

How Decisions on Customer Service will Impact on Influencing the Level of Sales - Essay Example The research conducted will be quantitative and will additionally adopt quantitative methodologies. The research will be conducted at the headquarters of the Commercial Bank in Venice. Data will be collected from the first one hundred customers who visit the organization for the purposes of making purchases within a period of two months. This sample is appropriate since the organization receives about five hundred customers on a daily basis. It is also appropriate since it will enable the management to collect diverse opinions from many of their customers. The collection of data will be done through the use of interviews along with the issuing of questionnaires to the customers. The existing relationships between the causes and effects will then have to be established from the customer replies and the trends on the organization's sales and profitability. To determine how the management decision-making methods can affect the quality of customer service and whether or not a good custom er service leads to customer loyalty, a primary research survey study will be conducted on the customers and the books of accounts to test the hypothesis. Â  The dependent variables in the research are the organizations level of sales along with their profitability. The independent variable, in this case, will be the decisions made concerning customer service. The organization will recruit personnel from within the organization to analyze the effects of their decision-making methods on their sales volume and profitability.

How television violence affect children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How television violence affect children - Essay Example This paper then will aim to investigate the issue of television violence with respect to promotional campaigns, seeking for a clearer understanding of the ways by which advertisements for violent amusement products function to attract the young viewer’s attention (ibid). Disputes about the media’s influence on children are frequently grounded on assumptions of developmental psychology, which claims that children lack the cognitive capability to discriminate commercial meanings from other media content, and hence are views as particularly vulnerable. Numerous researches have surveyed the effects of mediated violence, frequently assuming that a relationship, either correlative or contributory, is present between a child’s exposure to provoked violence and his or her eventual expressions of real physical violence. Such investigations usually argue that children exposed to television violence will sooner or later come to accept manifestations of violence in actual world backgrounds, be they real physical attacks or violent ideas and sentiments (Evra 1990). This has guided a number of researchers to conclude that the relationship between mediated and real violence in children is in reality causal. As such as theories of developmental psychology argue that children acquire awareness of societal expectations through observing and imitating the actions and behaviors of others, it has been claimed that even short term exposure to provoked violence augments to the threat that young viewers’ future behaviors will be typified by intensified physical or emotional hostility or aggression. Yet, to date, majority of the studies have put emphasis on violence enclosed in the entertainment channels themselves, discarding promotional campaigns for, and deep-seated within such programs. Only currently have the advertising messages for and within amusement products been provided any thorough analysis